DISCUSSION TEXT

Purpose           : to present (at least) two points of view about an issue

Structure text  :

·         Issue

·         Arguments pro and contra

·         Conclusion/recomedations

Language features       :

Ø  General nouns, as uniform, alcohol, etc.

Ø  Relating verbs, to give information about issue that discuss, as smoking is harmfull.

Ø  Thinking verbs,as feel, believe, hope, etc.

Ø  Additives, contrastives, and causal connectives, as similarly, on the and, however, etc.

Ø  Detailed noun groups, as the dumping of unwanted kittens.

Ø  Modalities, as perhaps, must, should, should have been, could be, etc.

Ø  Adverbials of maner, as deliberately, hopefully, etc

Example of Recount Text

Vasco da Gama is best remembered as the first European to sail from European to India. The sea route he found helped Portugal build a rich empire overseas.

Vasco da Gama was born in Sines, Portugal, around 1469. As a young man, da Gama studied navigation an astronomy. He went on the serve as an officer in the Portuguese navy. In 1497, the king of Portugal asked da Gamma to find the sea route to India by sailing around Africa. This would allow Portugal tocontrol the rich Indian spice trade. Could da Gamma do it? Earlier Portuguese expendition had rounded the southern trips of Africa. But these trips were long, difficult, and dangerous. Was it possible to travel from Europe to India in a single voyage?

In July 1497, da Gama set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, with four ships. By January 1498, the expendition reached Mozambique on Africa’s southeastern coast. But Arab traders  set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, with four ships. By January 1498, the expendition reached Mozambique on Africa’s southeastern coast. But Arab traders  set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, with four ships. By January 1498, the expendition reached Mozambique on Africa’s southeastern coast. But Arab traders in Mozambique disliked the Portuguese. They drove da Gama away, farther north, on the coast of in Mozambique disliked the Portuguese. They drove da Gama away, farther north, on the coast of Kenya, da Gamma recruited an Arab sailor to guide his ships across the Indian ocean. In may 1498, they reached Calicut on India’s coast. In Calicut, da Gama found pearls, jewels, and wonderful spices for sale. But the king and local merchants refused to trade with the Portuguese. Furious, da Gamma sailed away. He arrived in Portugal 1499 and was honored as hero.

In 1502, da Gama made a second voyage to India. He returned to Calicut with warships and soldiers. Da Gama sank merchant vessels and killed many civilians. The Gama sailed home to Portugal carrying a rich cargo of spice. Portugal soon built a valuable trading empire in India.

In 1524, da Gama made his last voyage to India. The Portuguese king had named da Gama the Governor of Portugal’s possessions there.da Gama died three months after reaching India.

Recount Text

Purpose             : to tell/retell past events/experiences for the purpose of informing or entertaining

Structure text :

·         Orientation → to give information about what, who, where, and when.

·         Events →

·         Reorientation → personal comment

Language features:              

Ø  Focus on individual participants

Ø  Use of past tense

Ø  Focus on a temporal sequence of events

Ø  Use of material (or action) clauses

Ø  Nouns and pronouns

Ø  Action verbs, as go, sleep, run, etc.

Ø  Past tense, as we went to the zoo, we was happy, etc.

Ø  Conjuctions and time connectives

Ø  Adverbs and adverb phrases to tell place, time, and way, as yesterday, at my house, etc

Ø  Adjectives to tell nouns, as beautiful, funny, etc

Example of Report Text

ENVIRONMENT

The earth is our environment. The environment includes everything in our surroundings and all the conditions that affect our lives. In the short time human beings have been on earth, we have learned  to change the environment to provide for our needs and luxuries. We have grown plants and domesticated animals; we have cleared forests to open up land for farming; we have mined and refined the earth’s minerals; we have learned to use minerals for fuel and as materials to make tools, houses, and machines.

We use water to wash ourselves, our clothes, and our dishes, to cook our food and in many other ways. Without ample water, our lives would be very different. Life itself could not exist whithout water. It is certain that all living things need water. Every year there are water shortages in various places on earth. The problem is not that. There is not enough water. It is that the right amount of water is not in the right places at the right time.

Water supplies in some areas are gradually being used up. If the biggest natural underground reservoir or the ground-water is being pumped out so fast, the water level is falling about one meter each year. At this rate it will be dry by the year 2020.

In any community the various organisms are linked in a complicated web of relationships. Air, water/sea, and  land are closely related. These are usually in delicate balance with one another. If the natural web is disturbed the results may be disastrous. Most disturbances and destruction come from  man’s activities. And man  is interfering with nature all the time.      

REPORT TEXT

Purpose             : to describe the way things are, with reference to arrange or natural, manmade and social phenomena in our environment.

Structure text :

·         General classification

·         Description (parts, qualities, habits or behavior, uses)

Language features:

Ø  Focus on generic participants

Ø  No temporal sequence

Ø  General nouns, as ‘Reptiles in Comodo Island’

Ø  Relating verbs

Ø  Action verbs

Ø  Use of simple present tense

Ø  Pharagraf with topic sentences to arrange some information.

Example of Hortatory Exposition

There are numerous things you can do to minimize your risk of cancer by a third. Research carried out by Harvard University showed one third of the seven million cancer deaths in the world in 2001 could have been avoided if the victims had taken sufficient fruits and vegetables, refrain from smoking, take less salt, sugar and oil, do more exercise, cut down red meat comsumption and wathed their weight. Over indulgence on unhealthy habits are key factors for strokes, cancers, and heart attacks.

Some doctors say cancer is a multi factor disease, it’s combination of generic environment and family history. It has no clear definition to pinpoint to exact risk factor. There is no quarantee that a person who follows good health procedure rigidly will not suffer from stroke, cancer, or health attack. Conversely, there are many who indulge in smoking, drinking and other vice out lived a person who does not indulge in unhealthy living.

In my opinion, this is very subjective issue and advise those who totally ignore the healthy life style to give up, or at least reduce their vice before it’s too late. As for those who follow the healthy life style rigdly to take it easy as a bit of red meat, deep ried food or ice cream occasionally are not going to hurt them. Prevention is better than cure, so go for clinical check up regularly. Consult a doctor immediately if you suspect cancer as early detection and trestment give better chance of cure.  

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose: to persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case

Structure text :

·         Thesis: statement of writer

·         Arguments: point (main idea) and elaborasi (supporting idea)

·         Recommendation

Language features:

Ø  Focus to issue writer

Ø  Abstract nouns, example policy, government, etc

Ø  Technical verbs, example species of animals

Ø  Relating verbs, example should be, doesn’t seem to be, etc

Ø  Action verb, example we must act

Ø  Thinking verb, example I believe

Ø  Modal verbs, example we must preserve

Ø  Modal adverb, example certainly,wem, etc

Ø  Connectives, example firstly, secondly, etc

Ø  Simple present tense

Ø  Passive voice

Ø  Evaluative language, like as important, valuable, etc